
Headsprout Reading Basics is the culmination of a major research and development effort that finds its roots not only in the content required for successful reading instruction, but also in the strategies for teaching that are the outgrowth of years of work provided by many dedicated behavioral and learning scientists. It is constructional in its design (after Anderson, Reder & Simon, 1999;Goldiamond, 1974; Skinner, 1968), comprehensive in its development (after Holland et al, 1976; Johnson and Layng, 1992; Lindsley, 1997; Markle, 1969, 1990; Tiemann and Markle, 1990; Skinner, 1957), and rigorous in its evaluation (after Markle, 1967; Sidman, 1960; Sidman and Stoddard, 1966). In summary:
When learning to read is fun, children want to learn. This is fundamental to Reading Basics, and the reason Headsprout designed the program as a series of engaging, Internet-based, animated lessons that teach basic skills for reading. But, the real motivation, reflected by joy, pride, confidence, and enthusiasm, comes from the social reinforcement that being able to read brings to each child.
Anderson, J. R., Fincham, J. M. & Douglass, S. (1999). Practice and retention: A unifying analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 1120-1136
Anderson, J. R., Greeno, J. G., Reder, L. M., & Simon, H. A. (2000). Perspectives on learning, thinking, and activity. Educational Researcher, 29, 11-13.
Anderson, J. R., Reder, L. M. & Simon, H. A. (1999). Applications and misapplications of cognitive psychology to mathematics education. Retrieved April 10, 2002, from http://act.psy.cmu.edu/personal/ja/misapplied.html
Andronis, P. T., Layng, T. V. J. & Goldiamond, I. (1997). Contingency adduction of "symbolic aggression" by pigeons. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 14, 5-17.
Goldiamond, I. (1974). Toward a constructional approach to social problems: Ethical and constitutional issues raised by applied behavior analysis. Behaviorism, 2, 1-84.
Goldiamond, I. & Dyrud, J. (1966). Reading as operant behavior, J. Money (Ed.) The disabled reader: Education of the dyslexic child. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press.
Goldiamond, I., & Dyrud, J. E. (1967). Some applications and implications of behavioral analysis for psychotherapy. In J. Schlien (Ed.), Research in psychotherapy Vol. III (pp. 54-89), Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Greer, R. D. (1994). The measure of a teacher. In R. Gardner III, et al. (Eds.), Behavior analysis in education: focus on measurably superior instruction (pp. 161-170). Pacific Grove; CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
Holland, J. G., Solomon, C., Doran, J., & Frezza, D.(1976). The analysis of behavior in planning instruction. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley.
Johnson, K. R., & Layng, T. V. J. (1992). Breaking the structuralist barrier: Literacy and numeracy with fluency. American Psychologist, 47, 1475-1490.
Johnson, K. R. & T. V. J. Layng (1996). On terms and procedures: Fluency. The Behavior Analyst, 19, 281-288.
LaBerge, Dl, & Samuels, S.J. (1974). Toward a theory of automataic information processing in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 293-323.
Lee, F. J. & Anderson, J. R. (2001). Does learning of a complex task have to be complex? A study in learning decomposition. Cognitive Psychology, 42, 267-316.
Lindsley, O. R. (1997). Precise instructional design: Guidelines from Precision Teaching. In C. R. Dills & A. J. Romiszowski (Eds.), Instructional development paradigms (pp. 537-554). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
Lyon, G. R. (1998). Statement of Dr. G. Reid Lyon. ReadbyGrade3. Retrieved from http://www.readbygrade3.com/lyon.htm
Markle, S. M. (1967). Empirical testing of programs. In Sixty-sixth yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, Part II: Programmed Instruction, Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Markle, S. M. (1969). Good frames and bad: A grammar of frame writing (2nd Ed.). NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Markle, S. M. (1990). Designs for instructional designers. Champaign, IL: Stipes.
National Center for Learning Disabilities, The (December, 2001). Legislative update, 107th Session of Congress. Retrieved January 15, 2002, from http://www.ncld.org/advocacy/update.cfm
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No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (January, 2002). Public Law 107-110, 107th Congress of the United States of America. Retrieved February 14, 2002, from http://www.ed.gov/legislation/ESEA02/107-110.pdf
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Rayner, K., Foorm, B. R., Perfetti, C. A., Pesetsky, D. & Seidenberg, M. S. (March, 2002). How should reading be taught? Scientific American, 85-91.
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Sidman, M. (1960). Tactics of scientific research: Evaluating experimental data in psychology. Boston, MA: Authors Cooperative, Inc.
Sidman, M. & Stoddard, L. (1966). Programming perception and learning for retarded children. International Review of Research in Mental Retardation, Vol. 2, New York: Academic Press.
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Skinner, B. F. (1968). The technology of teaching. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Tiemann, P. W., & Markle, S. M. (1990). Analyzing instructional content: A guide to instruction and evaluation. Champaign, IL: Stipes.
Twyman, J. S., Layng, T. V. J., Stikeleather, G. and Hobbins, K. A. (in press). A non-linear approach to curriculum design: The role of behavior analysis in building an effective reading program. In W. L. Heward et al. (Eds.), Focus on behavior analysis in education, Vol. 3. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Prentice Hall.
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